ALEXANDER THE GREAT 356 BC-323 BC

ALEXANDER THE GREAT 356 BC-323 BC

(Macedonia Emperor Largest Empire Creator of The Ancient Word)

Alexander The Great, was born in Pella in 356 BC. His father King Philips II was killed when King Philips was attacking Persian Emperor in 336 BC.  Alexander was 20 years old when he become a king after his father died. Alexander had already have knowledge and enough militery experiences and also had an intelectual mind, Alxeander teacher was  Aristoteles.

Within 2 years after he become a king, Alexander able to handle Greece and Noth area that willing to take a chance when King Philips II died to release from Macedonian.And his attention was to Persia. First attack to Persia was in 334 BC.  Conquered Small Asia and destroy small Persian Army there. Moved to north to Suriah attacking big Persian Army in Issus. Then turn to south  conquered city in Phoenicia Tyre island now Lebanon. That time Alexander received message from King Persia offering half of his kingdom if Alexander agree to do peace agreement but was refused by Alexander.

After Tyre fall, Alexander continue his move to south. Conquered Gaza, Egipt. Then moved back to Asia land and attacked Persia in Arbela in 331 BC until finaly able to conquer most of Persian Army. After get big winning, Alexander brought his army to Babylon and attacked Persia city, Suso and Persepolis. King Persia Darius III was killed by his army to prevent him surrender to Alexander . But  Alexander  can conquered dan killed Darius replacement and within 3 years conquered all area in East Iran and moved to Middle Asia. Never stop, continue to Afganistan, Hindu Kush Mountain to India. Then after that Alexander return to Persia.

After 3 years orgaanized his army, Alexander planned to continue his expantion to Arabia and North area Persia,  India, Roma, Carthago and Middle Sea. But his planing never be able to be done. In early June in 323 BC in Babylon, suddenly he got sick fever and died 10 days later.

ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL 1847-1922

ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL  1847-1922

(He discovered first practical telephone)

Alexander Graham Bell, was born on March 3, 1847 in Edinburg, Scotland. In 1871 Bell went to Boston, Massachusetts and in 1875  Bell did some experiment that carry  him to discover first practical  telephone. In Febuary 1876, Bell held collect  paten for his invention and got reward after several weeks.

Bell condducted a series of public demonstration, ever increasing the distance between the two telephone. At the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia, in 1876, Bell demontrated the telephone to the Emperor of Brazil, Dom Pedro II. The Bell Telephone Company was organized om July 9,1877.

In the last 30 years of his life, Bell was involved in a wide range of projects and pursued them at a furious pace. He worked on inventions if flight (the tetrahedral kite), scientific publications (Sciences magazine), and exploration of the earth (National Geographic magazine). Bell died peacefully, with his wife by his side, in Baddeck, Nova Scotia, Canada, on August 2, 1922. The entire telephone system wa shut down for one minute in tribute to his life.      

ALEXANDER FLEMING 1881-1955

ALEXANDER FLEMING 1881-1955

(Who discovered Penicilin)

Sir Alexander Fleming was born at Lochfield near Darvel in Ayrshire, Scotland on August 6th, 1881. He attended Louden Moor School, Darvel School, and Kilmarnock Academy before moving to London where he attended the Polytechnic.  He spent four years in a shipping office before entering St. Mary’s Medical School, London University. He qualified  with distinction in 1906 and began research at St. Mary’s under Sir Almroth Wright. A pioner in vaccine therapy. He gained M.B.,B.S., (London), with Gold Medal in 1908 and became a lecture atSt. Mary’s until 1914. He served throughout World War I as a captain in the Army Medical Corps, being mentioned in dispathced and in 1918 he return to St. Mary’s. He was elected Professor of the School in 1928 and Emeritus Professor of Bacteriology, University of London in 1948. He was elected Fellow of Royal Society in 1943 and knighted in 1944.

1921, he discovered in “tissue and secretion” an important bacteriolytic substance wic he named Lysozyme. In 1928, while working on influenza virus, he observed that mould had developed accidently on a staphylococcus culture plate and that the mould had created a bacteria-free circle around itself. He wa inspired to further experiment and he found that a mould culture prevented growth of staphylococci, even when diluted 800 times. He named the active substance penicilin.

He served as President of the Society for General Microbiology, he was a Member of Pontificial Academy of Sciences and Honorary Member of almost all the Medical and Scientific Societies of the world. He was Rector of Edinburgh University during 1951-1954, freeman of many boroughs and cities and Honorary Chief Doy-gei-tau of the Kiowa tribe. He was also awarded doctorate, honouris causa, degrees of almost thirty European and American Universities.

In 1915, Fleming married Sarah Marion McElroy of Killala, Ireland, who died in 199. Their son is a general medical practitioner.

Fleming married again in 1953, his bride was Dr. Amalia Koutsouri-Voureka, a Greek colleague at St. Mary’s.

Dr. Fleming died on March 11th in 1955 and is buried in St. Paul’s Cathedral.

ALBERT EINSTEIN 1879-1955

ALBERT EINSTEIN 1879-1955

(20th Century Scientist of Theory Relativity)

Albert Einstein was born at Ulm, in Württemberg, Germany, on March 14, 1879. Six weeks later the family moved to Munich, where he later on began his schooling at the Luitpold Gymnasium. Later, they moved to Italy and Albert continued his education at Aarau, Switzerland and in 1896 he entered the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich to be trained as a teacher in physics and mathematics. In 1901, the year he gained his diploma, he acquired Swiss citizenship and, as he was unable to find a teaching post, he accepted a position as technical assistant in the Swiss Patent Office. In 1905 he obtained his doctor's degree.

In 1909 he became Professor Extraordinary at Zurich, in 1911 Professor of Theoretical Physics at Prague, returning to Zurich in the following year to fill a similar post. In 1914 he was appointed Director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Physical Institute and Professor in the University of Berlin. He became a German citizen in 1914 and remained in Berlin until 1933 when he renounced his citizenship for political reasons and emigrated to America to take the position of Professor of Theoretical Physics at Princeton*. He became a United States citizen in 1940 and retired from his post in 1945.

After World War II, Einstein was a leading figure in the World Government Movement, he was offered the Presidency of the State of Israel, which he declined, and he collaborated with Dr. Chaim Weizmann in establishing the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

At the start of his scientific work, Einstein realized the inadequacies of Newtonian mechanics and his special theory of relativity stemmed from an attempt to reconcile the laws of mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field. He dealt with classical problems of statistical mechanics and problems in which they were merged with quantum theory: this led to an explanation of the Brownian movement of molecules. He investigated the thermal properties of light with a low radiation density and his observations laid the foundation of the photon theory of light.

In his early days in Berlin, Einstein postulated that the correct interpretation of the special theory of relativity must also furnish a theory of gravitation and in 1916 he published his paper on the general theory of relativity. During this time he also contributed to the problems of the theory of radiation and statistical mechanics.

In the 1920's, Einstein embarked on the construction of unified field theories, although he continued to work on the probabilistic interpretation of quantum theory, and he persevered with this work in America. He contributed to statistical mechanics by his development of the quantum theory of a monatomic gas and he has also accomplished valuable work in connection with atomic transition probabilities and relativistic cosmology.

Albert Einstein received honorary doctorate degrees in science, medicine and philosophy from many European and American universities. During the 1920's he lectured in Europe, America and the Far East and he was awarded Fellowships or Memberships of all the leading scientific academies throughout the world. He gained numerous awards in recognition of his work, including the Copley Medal of the Royal Society of London in 1925, and the Franklin Medal of the Franklin Institute in 1935.

Einstein's gifts inevitably resulted in his dwelling much in intellectual solitude and, for relaxation, music played an important part in his life. He married Mileva Maric in 1903 and they had a daughter and two sons; their marriage was dissolved in 1919 and in the same year he married his cousin, Elsa Löwenthal, who died in 1936. He died on April 18, 1955 at Princeton, New Jersey.